Thank you for this excellent article, Mr. Alter. I appreciate the effective way in which you???ve summarized the benefits of providing education for girls in the developing world. I work with a non profit organization, AfricAid (www.africaid.com) that does just this: provides primary- and secondary-level education to girls in Africa. We have been supporting Tanzanian girls, specifically, in their educational goals for the past seven years, and we have learned many lessons in the process. Most importantly, we have learned that just getting girls in the classroom is not enough in and of itself to create meaningful opportunities for change. These girls must have access to a high-quality education in order to capitalize on their educational opportunity. This involves ??? as you indicated ??? ensuring that adequately-trained teachers are in the classroom, that these girls have access to learning materials such as textbooks and basic supplies, and that their school experience is tangibly connected with the realities of their political, cultural and economic environments. This means, on one hand, tailoring cookie-cutter models of education to local cultural landscapes in order to help parents understand why schooling might be relevant to their daughters, and what the benefits of education will be for them, individually, and as members of a larger community. It also means ensuring that these young women are equipped while in school with the vocational tools and leadership skills that will open up professional opportunities where they have none today, or enable them to become leaders and role models for others in their home communities. This is exactly what we at AfricAid are working to do.
Education: It’s Not Just About the Boys. Get Girls Into School.
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Who wants more poor children around the world to go to school? Raise your hand. Yep, everyone's hand is up. Education is the ultimate mom-and-apple-pie (or rice-and-beans) issue. Everyone's for it. But our best efforts to get more impoverished kids into schools aren't always effective. Despite some recent progress in China and India, 73 million children worldwide don't go to primary school. Three times as many never go to secondary school. Though they can sometimes be trained later in life, their shortened time in school is often a major impediment to advancement. These kids are mostly doomed to a life of poverty, and so are their families.
The way out is not just to champion education generally but to focus intently on one subset of the problem: girls, who make up nearly 60 percent of the kids out of school. In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, only one in five girls gets any education at all. Here's where to zero in on the challenge: most of the benefits that accompany increased education are attributable to girls, who use their schooling more productively than boys. Women in the developing world who have had some education share their earnings; men keep a third to a half for themselves.
"The reason so many experts believe educating girls is the most important investment in the world is how much they give back to their families," says Gene Sperling, a former top economic adviser to President Bill Clinton (and currently advising Barack Obama). Sperling's book, "What Works in Girls' Education" (with Barbara Herz), is simultaneously disturbing and encouraging. It's disheartening to think of how far we have to go to get all kids into school—one of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals launched in 2000 to accelerate progress on fighting poverty, disease and other social ills. But it's also hopeful: at least we can focus on a specific solution.
When girls go to school, they marry later and have fewer, healthier children. For instance, if an African mother has five years of education, her child has a 40 percent better chance of living to age 5. A World Health Organization study in Burkina Faso showed that mothers with some education were 40 percent less likely to subject their children to the practice of genital mutilation. When girls get educated, they are three times less likely to contract HIV/AIDS.
Unfortunately, many African parents still don't know that their own lives can be greatly improved if their daughters go to school. They're often uncomfortable when their girls have to travel long distances to school (making them more subject to sexual predators). Girls themselves grow uncomfortable in school when they have no separate latrines. They fear being spied on by boys; their parents agree and withdraw them. This is the kind of everyday impediment to progress that aid organizers notice on the ground but rarely becomes part of the debate.
The biggest barrier to primary and secondary education in the developing world remains the fees that too many countries continue to charge parents for each child in school. Sometimes it's a flat fee; sometimes it's barely disguised as a fee for books or school uniforms. The practical effect is that poor families (disproportionately in rural areas, where school attendance is lightest) send their two oldest, healthiest boys to school with the hope that they will support their parents in their old age. This often deprives girls—the ones actually much more likely to help their families—of the chance to go to school.
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