It would be nice if the question would just be answered "yes" or " no". Either we have had a 10% decline over the last two quarters or we haven't. Which is it? Secondly, if in the 1930's, there was a 30% decline, then we could be in a depression that is not as severe as then; however, to state we are not there etc, etc is the equivalent to stating that a town hit by a cat 4 hurricaine didn't experience one because it wasn't a cat 5. I am not an economist, but know we are in trouble. So, I am asking, if by the given definition of a 10% decline over the past two quarters, are we experiencing a depression?
THE ECONOMY
Exactly How Bad Is It?
The difference between a recession and a depression.
GALLERY
Hard Times
Think the current economic crisis is bad? Before you decide, take a look at the bubbles, panics and depressions of the past.
Published Oct 16, 2008
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During his 1980 Labor Day speech at New Jersey's Liberty State Park, Republican presidential nominee Ronald Reagan listed the economic failures of his opponent, President Jimmy Carter. With the Statue of Liberty as a backdrop, Reagan used the moment to respond to Carter, who had accused Reagan of misusing the term "depression" to describe a recession that began in January of that year. "Let it show on the record that when the American people cried out for economic help, Jimmy Carter took refuge behind a dictionary. Well, if it's a definition he wants, I'll give him one. A recession is when your neighbor loses his job. A depression is when you lose yours. And recovery is when Jimmy Carter loses his."
However imprecise Reagan's macroeconomic definitions may have been, he'd made his point. Semantics don't mean much to Americans who have lost or are about to lose their jobs, their savings and their homes. But for those charged with charting the fastest course to an economic recovery, knowing the exact severity of the situation is critical. So what does constitute a recession, or a depression? Answering that question is harder—and takes longer—than you might expect.
Some economists define a recession as two consecutive quarters of economic contraction, or a decline in real gross domestic product (GDP). By that measure, the U.S. wasn't off to a bad start this year. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, real U.S. GDP rose 0.9 percent in the first quarter of 2008 and 2.8 percent in the second quarter. The problem with such a simple definition, according to James Poterba, president of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the official arbiter of when recessions begin and end, is that it "omits the possibility that you see two very tiny declines in two quarters, and [it also] doesn't look at other information for the rest of the economy, which may suggest that what is happening is not a broad decline."
According to NBER's definition, a recession occurs when a "significant decline in economic activity is spread across the economy, lasting more than a few months, normally visible in real GDP, real income, employment, industrial production, and wholesale-retail sales." The beginning of a recession is commonly referred to as a business-cycle "peak," and the end of it is called a business-cycle "trough."
Robert Gordon, a member of the NBER committee responsible for determining the beginning and end dates of recessions, says making a determination is often complicated by the fact that figures like GDP can be revised substantially even years later. Roy Smith, a professor at NYU's Stern School of Business, adds, "It's very frustrating for commentators and other folks who feel like they know in their gut that we are in a recession, but that is not a very scientific [approach,] so people can get it wrong. The choice is that someone calls it based on their gut, or we wait for the data."
Waiting for the data tends to take some time. As a result, most recessions have not been declared by NBER until at least five months after they've ended. The one marker that seems to be a constant in most recessions is unemployment. "There has never, in the postwar U.S., been a 1 percentage point increase in unemployment without a recession having been declared, and much of that increase in unemployment occurs after the recession started," says Gordon. "Right now, we've had a 1.7 percent increase in unemployment. On historical precedence, absolutely this is a recession. All we have to do is figure out when it began."
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