In Defense of Detroit

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  • Posted By: wataylor @ 11/14/2008 3:29:50 PM

    The biggest problem the Big 3 have is government regulation. The government has made thing very very difficult for them. That, and only that, is a reason to give them money:

    http://www.scragged.com/articles/detroit-deserves-40-billion-bucks.aspx

    • Posted By: YashBudini @ 11/14/2008 4:05:55 PM

      So why aren't other companies in trouble? Did they have different laws?

  • Posted By: AlwaysInTheRight @ 11/14/2008 4:04:51 PM

    Here's where our money will go. Note that Detroit disregarded the lessons of the past.

    http://www.detnews.com/2005/autosinsider/0510/17/A01-351179.htm

    Jobs bank programs -- 12,000 paid not to work - 10/17/05

    Ken Pool is making good money. On weekdays, he shows up at 7 a.m. at Ford Motor Co.'s Michigan Truck Plant in Wayne, signs in, and then starts working -- on a crossword puzzle. Pool hates the monotony, but the pay is good: more than $31 an hour, plus benefits.

    "We just go in and play crossword puzzles, watch videos that someone brings in or read the newspaper," he says. "Otherwise, I've just sat."

    Pool is one of more than 12,000 American autoworkers who, instead of installing windshields or bending sheet metal, spend their days counting the hours in a jobs bank set up by Detroit automakers and Delphi Corp. as part of an extraordinary job security agreement with the United Auto Workers union.

    The jobs bank programs were the price the industry paid in the 1980s to win UAW support for controversial efforts to boost productivity through increased automation and more flexible manufacturing.

    Guaranteed employment


    The jobs bank was established during 1984 labor contract talks between the UAW and the Big Three. The union, still reeling from the loss of 500,000 jobs during the recession of the late 1970s and early 1980s, was determined to protect those who were left. Detroit automakers were eager to win union support to boost productivity through increased automation and more production flexibility.

    The result was a plan to guarantee pay and benefits for union members whose jobs fell victim to technological progress or plant restructurings. In most cases, workers end up in the jobs bank only after they have exhausted their government unemployment benefits, which are also supplemented by the companies through a related program. In some cases, workers go directly into the program and the benefits can last until they are eligible to retire or return to the factory floor.

    By making it so expensive to keep paying idled workers, the UAW thought Detroit automakers would avoid layoffs. By discouraging layoffs, the union thought it could prevent outsourcing.

    That strategy has worked but at the expense of the domestic auto industry's long-term viability.

    American automakers have produced cars and trucks even when there is little market demand for them, forcing manufacturers to offer big rebates and discounts.

    "Sometimes they just push product on us," said Bill Holden Jr., general manager of Holden Dodge Inc. in Dover, Del., who said this does not go over well with the dealers. "But they've got these contracts with the union."

    In Detroit's battle against Asian and European competitors that are unencumbered by such labor costs, the job banks have become a major competitive disadvantage.

  • Posted By: toolkien @ 11/14/2008 4:04:12 PM

    toyotaracer247

    EVERYONE HAS MADE MISTAKES? WIPE THE BOARDS CLEAN?

    I have lived well within my means, liiving in half the house I can afford, driving less of car as well. I (and my wife) put money away religiously (of course in State sanctioned accounts). We have two kids now and are paying for daycare and converting that money toward saving for college. We make very good money overall and live much less of alifestyle than we probably could. So "wiping to board clean" simply means taking MY savings and giving it over to someone else who lived MORE of lifestyle than I did while likely make less. So what's the brilliance behind this?

    I can't believe how addle minded socialism has made people in this country. If wiping the board clean is attempted I can guarantee there will be revolution, because my sitting by while the government has ruined our money, our markets, and our economy is ONLY because I have something left to lose. If I have NOTHING left to lose I ain't going to be sitting idly by. Take it to mean whatever you think it means.

    People who have made GOOD decisions are already being punished with the market going down. "Wiping the board clean" ruins them.

  • Posted By: madrigalblue @ 11/14/2008 3:58:55 PM

    I wrote an editorial about this also. I don't think we should bail out the automakers. I think they had their chance, and treated the mid-Michigan region very poorly. If the government wants to help, they should invest in Michigan by creating alternative energy employment opportunities there.

    http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1206369/liberal_draws_the_line_at_auto_industry.html

  • Posted By: mj3710 @ 11/14/2008 3:58:52 PM

    Its easy to say let the big 3 go under and everyone says its all their fault. Well what about the banks we are helping, It not my fualt the were lending to people that really couldnt afford those big houses. But we are helping them. Whats the difference. When banks go under and the cry for help everyone say oh ok lets help them even though they also did it themselves. Go ahead let the big 3 go under but it will be a domino effect and someday it will affect everyone of you that are not wanting to help. The mom and pop store they go eat lunch at, staples that supply the copy paper, gas stations that are used to fill up the new cars being shipped, the parts store that supplies the parts, NOW DO YOU GET IT? Its easy to say let them go under but somewhere down the line it will get each and everyone of you. Just wait and see. And for all of you that think auto workers make all the kinds of money you would be wrong. And I know for I am a wife of an auto worker that has been with the company for 36 years and I have been with my company for 6 years and I bring home just as much as he does. We pay full office visits for the docotrs, we dont have co-pays and have not ever had co-pays for office visits. So for everyone thinks they know what we get make sure you know the facts before you state we make $30,40 or $50 on hour not even close.

  • Posted By: Justin22 @ 11/14/2008 2:35:08 PM

    Completely agree with Farmboy and Kathy... giving these companies money won't save them - it will just keep them out of bankruptcy for the next 12 months. Daniel, shame on you for perpetuating the 'myths' Detroit would like you to believe. Some jobs will be lost, but not anywhere near 3M. Instead paychecks formerly signed by GM will be signed by Toyota after they buy the assets. Yes, hard choices will have to be made and people will suffer... but how can you justify criticizing the CEOs who passed the buck in the past in one paragraph and then argue that we should simply pass the buck today in the next!

    • Posted By: Chowman62 @ 11/14/2008 2:57:13 PM

      Justin,

      For the autos manufacturers, bankruptcy means Chapter 13, liquidation, not Chapter 11 re-organization. Once GM or Ford, or Chrysler goes bankrupt, its over, nobody wants to invest $20K, $30K, or $40K in a product from a company going thru bankruptcy. Warranty claims and repair parts are just the beginning of the uncertainties that buyers would have with a bankrupt company. It might make sense in a "business case" vacuum, but in the real world, it just means it's over.

      • Posted By: C. MacLean @ 11/14/2008 3:14:50 PM

        Then it's over - as we know it. But all that potential will resurface eventually, just in a different form whan what we see today. Right now we just have too many cars and with so many people retrenching and losing their jobs, there won't be a market for cars any more than there will be a market for houses for the next 2 years.

        The big 3 bet heavily, and they lost. Time to pay the piper.

        Chapter 13 is reorganization for individuals, not companies. Chapter 11 is for reorganization for corporations. Chapter 7 is liquidation.

        The auto industries should file Chapter 7 and liquidate, not file Chapter 11 and reorganize. The proceeds should go to the health/retirement pensions, and if there is anything left over, the stockholders. Not one cent should go to CEO's or union executives.

        Some intrepid souls will buy the assets at a steep discount, including the patents, the equipment, the land and buildings, and the dealerships. It may be Nissan, Toyota, BMW, or it may be GE, or Warren Buffet, or even the Chinese, but somebody will buy them, turn them around and eventually make money.

        If congress is going to enact legislation involving tax dollars, that money should go towards unemployment insurance and job retraining, and for hard-hit areas like Michigan, Ohio, Indiana whose economies are more dependent on the auto industry.

        But handing over money to the big 3 automakers won't do anything except postpone the inevitable, and it will cost even more next year or the year after that.

        Let's save what we can, and cut our losses now. The free market will take care of the rest - our tax dollars should be taking care of the people displaced, but not the industry.

        • Posted By: AlwaysInTheRight @ 11/14/2008 3:58:09 PM

          Great points. I believe that is the best idea: 'bailout' the common, displaced worker, but not the corporation. With such a huge burn rate, there would ultimately need to be hundreds of billions of $$$ given to GM and Ford just to keep them alive.

          (Here's a test to see whether the leaders of GM, et. al. really get it: find out where they're staying while in DC. Money says they are staying in a large suite at a luxury hotel, billing the company for easily $1,000/night.

          They don't get it now, and probably never will, that their business model is flawed. This is not the 1980's: America is over buying gas-guzzlers with cheesy interiors and cheap, imitation wood. Look at the excellent cars Kia and Hyundai are now making. It's a travesty that the Big 3 never took time to understand their biggest market. (This point was reinforced while watching World Series ads: the morons from GM were actually advertising Denalis!!! Talk about out-of-touch.)

  • Posted By: jmularczyk @ 11/14/2008 1:55:24 PM

    I live 30 miles north of Detroit and I am not employed by the auto industry. The real estate in this area has been going down for the past 5 years. If the automakers go under it will be a catastrophe for me and everyone I know. Most of the posts here remind me of the Milgram Obedience Experiment. (google it) If you lived here, you would be singing a different tune. I can't believe that so many Americans would so ignorantly like to cut a fellow State - Michigan - right off the map. My grandfathers fought in WWI and my grandmothers worked in the auto converted tank plants of Detroit to save our country. I think people should consider that the writer is really making some good points. Very few of the posts here even consider the impact of the non-auto related casualities that will occur if the big 3 go under. It turns out it's just another GM hate-fest. By the way my retired mother-in-law worked for GM for 45 years. If GM goes under and her pension gets shifted to a government run program (which is what would occur) in the long run we will still all be paying for the mess.

    • Posted By: YashBudini @ 11/14/2008 3:56:35 PM

      Anyone who bought an 80's GM X-car has the absolute right to have a hate fest. The only thing less reliable than the car mechanics was its paint. Not that GM knows how to paint a car even today.

    • Posted By: mtthw @ 11/14/2008 2:39:53 PM

      You should have put some of the money back that you and your mother have making for so many years GM workers are the worst about living beyond their means.

      • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:00:13 PM

        Wow. That was ignorant.

    • Posted By: valark @ 11/14/2008 2:53:54 PM

      My disgust isn't with GM, my disgust is with the concept that essentially you are saying that I should pay someone to sell me something ( which I won't be buying, but still... ).

      As far as I can tell, you are able bodied, so you can move. You can make changes to your life, you can make other decisions than for people to support a company that has no worth except as a retail product to them.

    • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 2:38:30 PM

      " I can't believe that so many Americans would so ignorantly like to cut a fellow State - Michigan - right off the map. "

      Didn't you guys just pass a law making it illegal for anyone to "make an approximation" of marriage for gays? So that employers cannot give them benefits, even if they would without a marriage?

      Sorry. Since you guys are selective in whom you think should have rights, I feel no sympathy for you now.

    • Posted By: Farmboy @ 11/14/2008 2:10:55 PM

      I'd much rather help your mother-in-law live comfortably in her retirement than fund the CEO and mob bosses mansions and parties.

  • Posted By: antiquity @ 11/14/2008 3:54:05 PM

    W.E Deming foresaw this in 1970; he wrote a book on why it was happening, and what to do about it. It was titled Out of the Crisis. Members should read it.

  • Posted By: ploughman @ 11/14/2008 3:51:01 PM

    If there's a bailout, there need to be a lot of strings attached. Most importantly, the company has to CLEAN HOUSE of all the top managers. They were great at blaming everyone else and paying themselves high salaries, but they have demonstrated they don't have the skills and foresight to run the companies. It seems like throwing good money after bad if the same people are in charge. Fire them.

    Congress also compounded the problem over the years by giving the auto industry what it asked for too many times, especially with regard to fuel standards. We had the SUV debacle because of a Republican Congress following the "market knows best" laissez-faire ideology and not demanding fuel economy when prices were down. Yes, some of the Michigan delegation that kowtowed to the auto industry were Democrats, but outside of that the support came from Republicans, and getting whipsawed was another failure-to-regulate that will cost us dearly.

    And while we're on partisan politics, expect a lot of opposition to the auto-industry bailout from Republicans. Never mind that these same people gave a much, much bigger package to the banking industry (an industry that deserves less empathy than the auto industry).

  • Posted By: Jabberwock @ 11/14/2008 3:40:37 PM

    I say let them fail if they can't survive on their own. The Prius has been out of 10 years now and where's the Detroit response? I'm sure the big three could use some capital and need some restructuring but they still can survive long building crappy backward looking cars. GM killed the EV1 and deserves for that reason alone deserves no help.

    • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:50:42 PM

      " I say let them fail if they can't survive on their own. The Prius has been out of 10 years now and where's the Detroit response? "

      Anyone else reminded of the 70s?

  • Posted By: CCryder @ 11/14/2008 3:50:21 PM

    GM's market capitalization today is about $1.9 billion. So the government could buy a controlling interest for about $1 billion, fire the top three layers of executives, and hire someone who knows what he's doing to run it. This seems like a better course of action than loaning $25 billion to a company run by idiots.

  • Posted By: footballmom @ 11/14/2008 11:03:55 AM

    To anyone that thinks we should just let the Big 3 fail: be careful what you wish for. While I agree whole-heartedly that big changes need to be made (chop redundant carlines, tie executive pay to company performance, etc) if we let these companies fail, the ripple effect will be like no other! It will affect retail, health clubs, restaurants, hair salons to name a few. Many small businesses depend on the auto workers, engineers, designers and support staff of the Big 3 and their hundreds of automotive suppliers. Don't forget the charitable organizations that the Big 3 support -- the foreign car companies contribute very little in relation. If you think the foreclosure crisis is bad now, just wait until the devastation when hundreds of thousands of workers are out of jobs in a short time period. The Asian car companies have received assistance from their governments for years -- in health care and manipulation of their currency to name just a couple examples. Both GM & Ford have many vehicles that offer value and good gas mileage....Ford's Quality is #2 behind Lexus.

    • Posted By: YashBudini @ 11/14/2008 3:48:46 PM

      Where was the outrage for the workers and all the other people that they supported when thousands of IT jobs were outsourced to Asian countries? Nobody gave a rats but about them.

  • Posted By: Popeye1959 @ 11/14/2008 3:48:44 PM

    My heart goes out to families of all who will loose their livelihood because of the greed of the two organizations, management and unions... But the managers of big three AND the UAW have been arguing back and forth fwith their heads in the sand for more than 30 years while Honda, Toyota and Nissan grew their market share. They have had plenty of opportunities to take a look around for a reality check. Instead they whined about not getting fair treatment by consumers (Buy Ameridan), the government (OSHA and EPA) and each other. Massive greed is evident on both their parts. Well, whiners. It's time for the rest of us to wake you up and invite you into the real world. Financial bail-out of these greed-infested management and unions will only prolong the inevitible. I'm for letting them manage their companies now and do what they have to do to keep as many of their employees as possible.

  • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 2:34:21 PM

    Screw 'em. We've bailed out enough losers already. Besides, anyone see what happened to the last bailout?

    10% - $70,000,000,000 - went to executive compensation. We directly paid the worthless losers that made the mistakes a HUGE sum of money, for failing. They belong in jail, not collecting bonuses.

    50% - $350,000,000,000 - went to dividends over the next three years. Oh, and guess who owns a bunch of the worthless stock we're going to pay dividends on? Yep. The boards of directors. The same guys getting all that "executive compensation".

    The remaining 40% was at least supposed to go to the toxic mortgages, but now we're told by Bush and the Secretary of treasury that it WON'T, and instead will be used to solve the crisis in "other ways". I'm guessing this will involve those poor schmucks on the boards of directors getting a bit more.

    So screw bailouts. The "Big 3" can finish circling the bowl...because they failed to do what every free market company must do; build a product people WANT, build it cheaply enough for people to afford it, and build it so it RUNS.

    Until they can do that, I see no reason to help them.

    • Posted By: Blackcourt79 @ 11/14/2008 2:42:39 PM

      Thank the democratic party that you elected.

      • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 2:58:15 PM

        Why? Obama's not even in office yet. Bush is the one that told Paulson to "re-allocate" the money.

        • Posted By: Blackcourt79 @ 11/14/2008 3:07:52 PM

          "Re-allocating" the money in the original bailout has nothing to do with Congressional Democrats trying to push through a new $25B bailout package for Detroit... genius. But thanks for demonstrating just how far in the democratic pocket you are. Too bad they weren't as perfect as you claim them to be or their majority in Congress for the past two years might have helped our economy... instead you just make up excuses to blame Bush for it. Keep the blinders on, might help you sleep at night.

          • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:46:07 PM

            So you're okay with Bush's re-allocation?

          • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:44:01 PM

            So wait. You are now saying that Obama controls the executive branch, as of now?

            • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:45:45 PM

              Correction: This should have been a response to Valark's post, below.

        • Posted By: valark @ 11/14/2008 3:01:56 PM

          Are you purposefully being ignorant? This bailout being discussed here is the one Obama recommends, not the other one for environmentally productive units.

  • Posted By: toolkien @ 11/14/2008 3:44:56 PM

    I'm really starting to notice a trend in comment sections to articles like this - Big Government, Big Business Executives, and Big Media are all in favor of bailouts and the like, and individuals, you know those people who work at dead end jobs, busting their hump, trying to build some humble equity in this world and the ones ultimately soaked to pay for everything through taxes (direct and savings tax via inflation) are all against it. Pretty much shows that our "leaders" political, business, social, and "fourth estate" are dramatically out of touch.

    The time has come to flush down interventionist government tactics that help those who bow to the government master at the expense of those who want to live free. As our markets and economy crumble living free isn't going to be some libertarian rhetoric or the battle cry of mountain men, it's going to be in every part of the "real" world, the one that exists outside the Beltway and NYC.

  • Posted By: toyotaracer247 @ 11/14/2008 3:44:25 PM

    Let us all be honest with ourselves here and take a moment to look at things the way the are. Everyone, from big companies to individuals, has made mistakes to contribute to the current financial state of things. If you bought a house at a varible rate or you gave the loan at the varible rate...guess what? Your both to blame for the problem. Same thing here...if you made bad deals and decessions about labor costs and overhead, reguardless of what side of the table you were on, you're both still to blame. Now that things are completely destroied by greed everyone wants a handout to deal with their mistakes. If I piled on a mountain of debt and then couldn't repay it because I didn't have the money...I can't go to the government and ask for money to repay my debts. But the same rules don't apply to companies it seems. They don't have to file bankruptcy for their poor decessions, the government just gives away money to them when they ask. Basically saying, "Hey sorry you messed things up by being greedy. Here's some money to get you back on your feet. Try not to do it again, ok?" What kind of stupid plan is that...you messed things up but don't worry about it. We know your sorry so here try again, no harm no foul.

    Here's a thought, why not just wipe everyone's slate clean. As of right now, everyone is debt free. Put a few laws in place to prevent the stuff that started all of this in the first place, like varible rate loans. Pass a few more laws to reform the credit card industry. Then let everyone know that the markets are back open. The second that everyone is debt free they'll go right back out there and by more stuff on their new credit and the ball will get rolling again. With the new laws in place people won't be able to get back into the same problems. Industires will sell more stuff, more capital will be gained, more jobs will be created and the world gets back going. Everyone will be happy and joyful again and it'll be like this never even happened.

    Now you might ask what happened to the old debt, forget about it. Why dwell on the past debts that are so far down the hole in collections, forclosure, etc. that you'll never see a dime of it once it's finally collected. With all the debt gone, you can save on fees to collection agentcies, for a while. You'll be able to bankroll all of the profits without the bad debts holding your company down. And if everyone is smart with their busness practices, helped along by the new laws, the problem shouldn't repeat itself.

    Basically, the economy for EVERY american...rich, poor, mid class, etc. is catistophically failed as of right now. The game has reached a deadend and too many wrong turns have been made to ever find a way back. Two choices remain, continue down the path we've made and try to patch things up with no guarentee of success, or hit the economic reset button and try again.

  • Posted By: JWilly48519 @ 11/14/2008 3:34:37 PM

    At some point, public consideration should be given to whether we need to have American-owned major manufacturers to remain a first-tier country. Fundamentally, only manufacturing, farming and mining create wealth that can be used to pay for imports. Everything else we do is either a service we layer onto our manufacturing/mining/faming activities, or related to importing, distribution and consumption and therefore fundamentally not wealth-creative. If the trend continues of manufacturing moving out of the US, and manufacturing profits increasingly going to other nations, eventually we will be a nation that cannot pay its import bills. What then?

    The auto companies failed partly because, starting in the early 1950s, the federal government ducked its opportunities to shape the market in ways that would keep us internationally manufacturing-competitive as other nations caught up with us in education, consumption patterns and productivity. We needed some of Walter Mondale's Incomes Policy concepts, but what we got instead was pablum. We've been collectively stupid. If we let the last few great manufacturing sectors crash and burn, we will be continuing that pattern of collective stupidity, punishing ourselves...and this time the damage would be irreparable.

    What we should do is loan money, force competitive pay scales at the bottom and substantial pay cuts at the top, make some of the top-level pay be delayed long-term-performance bonuses, shift employee and retiree health care costs to a mandatory national health plan with internationally competitive benefits and payouts, and take public-owned equity shares. Then, using a combination of executive branch tools and legislated tax policy, we should impost similar mandates on other manufacturing enterprises...and on the financial sector, where this year's "smaller than usual" year-end bonuses are likely to be really good for national morale.

    We're in an international-competitiveness swamp with the water rising, and one of the few ways we still have to keep our collective heads above water is the manufacturing we still do. Yeah, maybe they haven't been wise, but we need those manufacturers or we'll economically drown, sure as can be.

    • Posted By: libertyfirst @ 11/14/2008 3:44:18 PM

      Your position appears to require government oversight and decision-making in the auto-industry akin to direct ownership. And given the sheer incompetence and malfeasance of the federal government in its inability to run even itself, let alone an entire industry, why do you think that this is a good idea???

  • Posted By: andreagaines @ 11/14/2008 3:13:07 PM

    It's true.

    We made a deal with the devil when we let the US automakers get away with a tobacco-industry style deception ... in their case, avoid making more fuel efficient more marketable cars, and otherwise enrich themselves at the expese of just about eveyrone. (Imagine a giant of an industry allowing itself to get in this position.)

    But we can't afford to let them fail at this point. Let's hope that the government comes up with a creative bailout plan that forces change within the industry while preserving the jobs and economic power the automakers represent for our country.

    Let's not let them blame this on the unions.

    P.S. Let's also pray that loser-as-winner Sarah Palin decides not to insert herself into this debate. She could screw the whole thing up just by showing up and acting she knows something, just like she did in John McCain's campaign.

    • Posted By: Farmboy @ 11/14/2008 3:16:34 PM

      Sorry, I don't get your point. The unions and the CEOs made their bed together. Now let them lie in it together.

      • Posted By: Farmboy @ 11/14/2008 3:20:49 PM

        Also, there is no more "us" to stop "them" from blaming it on the unions. It's all dem now baby, and the dems are definitely not going to blame it on their biggest contributor. You don't need to worry too much about that little issue in your post.

        • Posted By: Doc Howl @ 11/14/2008 3:42:06 PM

          It's all Dem now? When did the constitution get amended? The new administration and the new congress don't take office until January 20th.

  • Posted By: Real Estate Dad @ 11/14/2008 3:41:51 PM

    Your last sentence bothers me the most.
    It's not the government,,, its the taxpayers that will have to bail them out once more.
    Accept responcibilty for your failures and move on and learn from them.

  • Posted By: olderwiser @ 11/14/2008 3:13:02 PM

    Trying to save jobs by saving a business that is a failure deprives those who have the jobs from finding a good job with an employer who does good business.
    Try this. A car that won't run can only go down hill. You get in and it rolls to the bottom of the hill. It still won't run. If instead, you get into a car that runs, then you can keep on driving uphill and downhill to your destination.
    The big three don't run. Don't get in for the downhill ride. Get it??

    • Posted By: Farmboy @ 11/14/2008 3:27:53 PM

      Good Point! The only thing is, we are all in for a downhill ride for the next 2-4 years. Hang on tight to your wallet, or you'll lose it on the way down!

      • Posted By: olderwiser @ 11/14/2008 3:40:57 PM

        I'll do my best Farmboy. I tried to save a few pennies to keep out of the cold in my old age, which is already here, but it sometimes looks like they might not last if we get some of that cancerous inflation. But, there have been lean and fat years and I guess some lean ones are about to arrive. Hard times always wear out, just like the good times are about to do, and we always feel better when they are over. The old country heals just like a sore and leaves a little scar to remind us to be more careful next time.

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