Positive results from stem cell therapy are seen usually within a month, and patients can request another treatment about 6 months after the first treatment presently.
This stem cell paradigm of therapy addresses the etiology of a disease state, instead of focusing on the symptoms only. As such, this is the practice of regenerative medicine with the implementation of SCT.
Some believe ethical restraints are needed regarding the use of ESCs for therapeutic reasons. Yet they improve the quality of life of those with devastating diseases which involves suffering without any relief.
So stem cell therapy and research may be the most right and ethical thing to do for such patients. Not only is the tremedous suffering relieved with those possessed with devistating diseases, their functional ability is restored for those who receive stem cell therapy.
Embryos are acquired from fertility clinics (IVFs) that have thousands routinely stored and are abnormally fertilized. This means that they could never go on to become a human, and would be destroyed otherwise.
Ironically, one could argue it is inappropriate to discard what may be valuable and ethical for others, potentially.
Most couples with frozen embryos would gladly give them to such research, surveys have concluded.
These embryos are believed by many to not be morally equivalent to human life, but only have the potential for life. And they are used for therapeutic cloning, known as somatic cell nuclear transfer, and not reproductive cloning.
Ten states have banned this cloning out of ignorance, it seems. Bioethic principles, which are beneficience, or physician-centered decisions, as well as non-maleficence, which is first do no harm, are not corrupted.
Furthermore, autonomy, which is the patient???s right to determine their health, and justice or fairness remain intact.
Stem cells should be utilized for those terminally ill as well, many believe. Many are seeking stem cell therapy overseas due to restrictions that exist in the U.S. presently. The United Kingdom is believed to be the leader in stem cell research presently.
Dan Abshear
MEDICINE
The Whole World Is Watching
Hope—and anxiety—run high as the first clinical trial of embryonic-stem-cell therapy begins this summer.
Published Mar 21, 2009
From the magazine issue dated Mar 30, 2009
Member Comments
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Posted By: quiact @ 05/11/2009 5:59:14 PM
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Posted By: quiact @ 05/11/2009 5:58:42 PM
So now, ASCs can safely become induced pluripotent cells with the same potential as ESCs. As a result, the ASCs are free of genetic artifacts that potentially can interfere with transgene sequences.
They are capable of, and are able to renew and reproduce with minimal effort, stem cells, under the right laboratory conditions.
Human blood can be reproduced with stem cells under the right conditions, it has been shown by researchers.
SCT can also be used to investigate disease states for better treatment options.
Disease-specific stem cell lines, which are those cells that are pluripotent and are created with the same genetic errors of certain diseases, are studied for this reason.
So there clearly is a huge potential for stem cell-based therapies. The first FDA approved clinical trial occurred early in 2009.
This human trial will involve evaluating primarily the safety of ESCs designed to be used as treatment for spinal cord injury patients. The trial was submitted by Geron Corp.
Pfizer, the largest drug company, has implemented stem cell research, as they are an asset to drug discovery by creating within the organization a regenerative medicine unit.
Other large pharma companies are implemented similar research protocols for the same reasons.
Geron Corp. in California is the world???s leading esc developer, and financed researchers at Univ. of Wisconsin, who isolated the first human esc in 1998.
Stem cell therapy potentially can cure multiple sclerosis, among other disases and those with damaged human tissue.
The therapy prevents the advancement of disease, as well as reverses the neurological dysfunctions associated with MS. Patients are injected with their own stem cells obtained from their bone marrow, which are called haemopoietic stem cells.
These particular stem cells are the origin of all blood cells. Further large clinical trials are needed to support these results. Studies have shown between 70 and 80 percent of MS patients who received stem cell therapy did not relapse afterwards.
Allogenic, or donor transplants, have a risk of graft versus host disease. Autologous, which is the patient???s own stem cells, are preferable and most beneficial.
Similar results from this autologous bone marrow transplant cellular therapy are seen with Chron???s disease as well.
During the procedure, the immune system is reset so it is not in an autoimmune state where it attacks the human body. The process lasts about 2 months, and consists of 6phases:
1. Initial chemo
2. Release of stem cells
3. Acquisition of stem cells
4. Cells are then frozen until ready for transplant
5. Second chemo to reduce leukocytes
6. Autologous stem-cell transplant. Immune system is reset.
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Posted By: quiact @ 05/11/2009 5:58:12 PM
Over 100 years ago, a Russian histologist suggested stem cells be applied for scientific research.
They are the human body???s equivalent of a generator, as they can renew, regenerate, and replicate under the right conditions.
The apex of cellular therapy and regenerative/reparative medicine has been reborn after an 8 year moratorium that basically halted federal funding for stem cell research with most states in the U.S.
Now the NIH can award grants to scientists involved with biomedical research involving stem cell therapy through the CMS to each state in the U.S.
While never banned, stem cell research had limited funding during this time. And this was unfortunate, because there are several likely uses of stem cells.
These uses include the replacement of tissues in the human body, as well as repairing cell types that are defective.
Also, stem cells can deliver genetic therapies that are needed in certain patients.
ESCs are totiplotent if obtained from the morula which is a pre-blastocyst stage. Normally, the stem cells are acquired from the blastocyst itself.
From this source, the stem cells can be any cell in the human body except for the placenta, and are pluripotent.
Embryonic stem cells are obtained from a 4 day old embryo called a blastocyst, and are pluripotent from this source.
The blastocyst contains about 100 cells, and is not suitable at this stage for implantation into the uterine wall.
The inner core of the blastocyst has about 20 cells, and this is where stem cells are obtained.
These cells are unspecialized cells that can be developed or morphed into the over 200 cells available in the human body through differentiation, as ESCs are undifferentiated by nature.
As such, they can become any human cell, as long as they are prevented from clumping or crowding together when explanted into cultures as they are propagated. After stem cells are cultured, they are moved to what are called stem lines.
Until recently, ESCs were believed to be most beneficial instead of the adult stem cell alternative (ASC), as these stem cells are limited to application to the tissue the stem cells were obtained from only.
However ASCs (somatic stem cells) now can be coerced into differentiation through plasticity (trans-differentiation).
This likely will reduce if not eliminate those opposed to stem cell therapy because of moral and ethical reasons related to the utilization of ESCs.
Thanks to molecular biology, four transcription factors control the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNAS to regulate gene expression. So ASCs can have the same beneficial qualities as ESCs.
In the past, viral vectors and exotic genes interfered with the purity of ASCs. Now ASCs are re-programmed using plasmids instead of viruses and oncogenes that can become detrimental for the patient treated.
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Posted By: Qidisrupt @ 03/26/2009 11:30:13 PM
Bojack27, if you were diagnosed with a terminal illness and the only procedure that would be successful to bring you back to health would be the lab-produced IVF stem cells and the adult stem cells would not be effective for this certain illness, what would do? In the case of the person that I know, the ONLY procedure that could possibly be successful was the experimental embryonic stem cell method....and his wife and kids are mighty thankful he is still around.
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Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/27/2009 12:03:27 PM
Qidisrupt, to be totally honest with you....I don't know what I would do! It is one thing to give you a fast answer but it is another thing to give you a honest answer....and the answer I choose is a honest one..... Until a person gets in this situation of choosing whether to live or die I would think that all people would choose to live....including the unborn...if we gave them that choice!
My whole point is not to harvest human beings as remedies for those who are living in the first place. There was a movie out about such a lab or city in a bublbe that not only harvest humans but let them grow up in a environment and promise them a trip to heaven or some fantasy vacation. In reality they took them in to the operating room and ripped out the vital organs needed to let the other person live who had donated their DNA to the project.... moral of the story is that these humans wanted to live as well and who gave anyone the right to declare them not human?
I hope I answered your question.....my posting here is make people aware that life is precious and we shouldn't destroy a lif ein order to preserve one ...especially when the lives that we are destroying are human lives. No matter what the outcome maybe for the benefactor of such procedures a life was lost so that they could continue to live.....Selah!-
Posted By: ThisGeek @ 03/31/2009 8:22:55 PM
I just learned that the embryos are being thrown out by fertility clinics. They are not created for the use of stem cell research. Apparently, more embryos are thrown away (or frozen) than could ever be needed for research..Can anyone verify this? http://www.beliefnet.com/Entertainment/2001/07/Where-Do-The-Embryos-Come-From.aspx
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Posted By: outragedhumanw/ALS @ 03/27/2009 7:37:12 PM
"What if the treatment causes harm? Ideally, Goldstein would have liked the first human embryonic-stem-cell therapy tested in a disease that leads inexorably to death, like ALS. "I'm nervous," he says. This first trial is "a high-wire act."
As a person recently diagnosed with ALS, this statement makes me feel as dehumanized as the innocent children that will never experience life beyond an embryo. Who is next, people with mental illness or retardation?
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Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/26/2009 5:39:52 PM
Breakthrough Study Finds Adult Stem Cells
ScienceDaily (June 25, 2005) ??? PITTSBURGH (June 23, 2005) -- In a ground-breaking study, scientists at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh have discovered that adult, or post-natal, stem cells have the same ability as embryonic stem cells to multiply, a previously unknown characteristic indicating that post-natal stem cells may play an important therapeutic role.
Adult and post-natal stem cells are often overlooked in favor of embryonic stem cells in the national debate over the therapeutic use of stem cells. Until now, it has been generally believed that embryonic stem cells had a greater capacity to multiply than post-natal stem cells, making them more desirable to research as a potential treatment, according to Johnny Huard, PhD, director of the Growth and Development Laboratory at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh.
"Scientists have typically believed that adult or post-natal stem cells grow old and die much sooner than embryonic stem cells, but this study demonstrates that is not the case," said Dr. Huard, senior author of the study. "The entire world is closely following the advances in stem cell research, and everyone is interested in the potential of stem cells to treat everything from diabetes to Parkinson's disease. But there are also many ethical concerns surrounding the use of embryonic stem cells, concerns that you don't have with post-natal or adult stem cells. My belief is that this study should erase doubts scientists may have had about the potential effectiveness of post-natal stem cells."-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/26/2009 5:41:40 PM
Researchers from Children's and the University of Pittsburgh in Dr. Huard's laboratory were able to expand post-natal stem cells to a population level comparable to that reached by researchers using embryonic stem cells. Previous research has found that embryonic stem cells could undergo more than 200 population doublings before the cells began to die. A population doubling is a method of measuring the age of a population of cells.
Bridget Deasy, PhD, a scientist in Dr. Huard's laboratory, was first author of the study. Dr. Deasy, a research assistant professor in the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, discovered that a unique population of muscle-derived stem cells was able to undergo more than 200 population doublings, as well. These post-natal cells were able to undergo population doublings while maintaining their ability to regenerate muscle in an animal model, a key finding indicating that they could maintain their treatment potential.
This ability to self-replenish is significant because in order for stem cells to be used for treatment, a large quantity of the cells would be required.
The findings are published in the July 1, 2005, issue of Molecular Biology of the Cell, published by the American Society for Cell Biology. The paper is under consideration for Molecular Biology of Cell paper of the year.
There also may be important advantages to post-natal stem cells when it comes to autoimmunity, according to Dr. Huard, deputy director of the McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine and associate professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, and Bioengineering at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/26/2009 5:44:06 PM
The use of embryonic stem cells could be complicated by issues of rejection, with the recipient's immune system rejecting the foreign embryonic stem cells. With post-natal stem cells taken from the recipient and then reintroduced in an autologous manner, rejection would not be an issue.
Dr. Huard is one of the world's top cell biologists researching the potential therapeutic use of stem cells. He currently is working with the stem cells he discovered while searching for a cure for Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD), a genetic disease that is estimated to affect one in every 3,500 boys. DMD is the most common form of muscular dystrophy affecting children and patients often die in early adulthood because of heart damage.
In addition to searching for a cure for DMD, Dr. Huard's laboratory also is researching the use of stem cells to repair injured muscle following sports-related injuries, as well as to treat cardiac, joint and bone injuries. His work with these stem cells has potential implications ranging from repairing heart muscle damaged by heart attack or disease to the prevention of rejection during organ and tissue transplantation.
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The study was supported by the Muscular Dystrophy Association, the National Institutes of Health, the William F. and Jean W. Donaldson Chair at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh and the Henry J. Mankin Chair at the University of Pittsburgh.
For more information on Dr. Huard's research and Children's, please visit the hospital's Web site at www.chp.edu.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/06/050624102413.htm
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Posted By: josiemco@aol.com @ 03/26/2009 2:52:52 PM
Where and /or sign up for this study? I am a quadraplegic, I have advanced to the point that I can take some steps with a walker. I would be honored to participate in this study if it would help in the advance of this matter.
Josie
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Posted By: josiemco@aol.com @ 03/26/2009 2:46:48 PM
Where and how do I volunteer for research? I am a quadraplegic, I have progress to the point that I can ta few steps with walker. If I could be tested and improve, it would be an honor to partake in such a venue. Josie
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Posted By: Latino Vet @ 03/21/2009 5:28:06 PM
I am a paraplegic veteran who would gladly volunteer for one of thee studies despite living a full life now. I can answer the do you know anyone in a wheelchair questions easily since besides myself I socialize with over twenty other paralyzed individuals nineteen(19) of which concur that they too would volunteer to push the research forward. Huge Mahao to President Obama for his assist in lifting the barriers and also to the researchers.! Godspeed to both.
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Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/23/2009 6:04:42 PM
So you readily admit that you have lived a full life and now you want to take the life of the innocent just to be a guinea pig! That is so humane of you to volunteer! NOT!
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Posted By: nimodahooligan @ 03/24/2009 11:00:32 AM
instead of worrying about an EMBRYO that isnt a living life, that they literally freeze to be used again, worry about the hordes of reasearch and good such treatments could accomplish in the world. we are soon going to be able to regrow vital organs.... remember that the next time you might want a new lung since yours is crapping out....
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Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/24/2009 12:36:51 PM
What scientific evidence that you have that a EMBRYO isn't a living life? Only thing one needs to commit genecide is to de-humanize its victims.....Hilter did it to the Jews, Americans did it to the Indians and Blacks and now we are doing it to the unborn....
I will remember that adult stem cells are far more superior than embryo stem cells and that if it is my turn to die then so be it I will die....better to die when it is your time than to take the life of a innocent before their time....-
Posted By: nimodahooligan @ 03/24/2009 5:11:41 PM
Bojack:
"What scientific evidence that you have that a EMBRYO isn't a living life? Only thing one needs to commit genecide is to de-humanize its victims.....Hilter did it to the Jews, Americans did it to the Indians and Blacks and now we are doing it to the unborn....
I will remember that adult stem cells are far more superior than embryo stem cells and that if it is my turn to die then so be it I will die....better to die when it is your time than to take the life of a innocent before their time...."
what scientific evidence do you have that says freezing an unused, unwanted, "garbage" embryo is alive to begin with? it was never born, it never fully developed, its not like they are taking fetuses of 3rd trimester babies out of women and hacking them up. they literally throw them away, in fact embryos have been found in sewage plants, streams, rivers, lakes.... dont be pissed at me, be pissed at the women that didnt want the embryos. you frusteration is ill placed with me.
these "embryos" or the "unborn" as you call them never made it past a certain developmental stage, therefore they use it for research and testing...other wise it might end up in the trash, LITERALLY. why not use the UNWANTED embryos to benefit the currently living people that could use the stem cells?
and if your comfortable with "dieing when its your time", thats fine and dandy, no one is stopping you...hell if you wanted to commit suicide you can do that. but others dont feel the same, and this apparently is something that either your just going to have to live with, or if you really want to make a difference then get off your duff and march over to the white house with a mob of pro-lifers and take your argument to where it matters. and if you wont do that, why are you wasting your breath, or more precisely, your finger muscles?-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/25/2009 5:53:08 PM
Read my above response and then get back with me....
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Posted By: summer4077 @ 03/25/2009 10:37:00 AM
Ok, the big misconception is that embryonic stem cells are obtained from abortions or something. That's not the case--they're created in labs. I don't think creating a microscopic clump of cells by fertilizing an egg in a petri dish contributes to dehumanizing victims, nor does it create an innocent life. I mean, these are microscopic cells that are only hours or days old.
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Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/25/2009 5:48:00 PM
THE FACTS OF WHEN HUMAN LIFE BEGINS
Interview With Maureen Condic of the Westchester Institute
By Karna Swanson
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah, NOV. 7, 2008 (Zenit.org).- The conclusion of scientist Maureen Condic that human life begins at a defined moment of conception isn't an opinion based on a belief, but rather a "reflection of the way the world is."
Condic, a senior fellow of the Westchester Institute for Ethics and the Human Person, published her conclusions in a white paper titled "When Does Human Life Begin?" In the report she addresses the topic using current scientific data in human embryology.
An associate professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the University of Utah School of Medicine, Condic received her doctorate in neurobiology from the University of California, Berkely. Her teaching focuses primarily on embryonic development, and she directs the University of Utah School of Medicine's course in human embryology.
In the interview with ZENIT, Condic explains why the question of when human life begins is important to address, and what scientific criteria she used to define a "moment of conception."
Q: This is the first white paper for the Westchester Institute. Why this topic? Why now?
Condic: This is an important question, with significant biological, ethical and philosophical dimensions. As I note in the paper, resolving when human life begins has important implications for a number of controversial political topics, including abortion and human embryonic stem cell research.
As a scientist and as director of a medical school course in human embryology, I have been considering the general question of when human life begins for quite a few years. The argument put forward in the white paper has grown out of discussions with philosophers, scientists and ethicists, as well as out of my own research in this area.-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/25/2009 5:48:53 PM
Yet this topic has come to the fore in the lead-up to the presidential election. While the topic of when life begins has generally been avoided by politicians and government officials, recently a number of prominent figures have offered their interpretations, making this a timely subject to consider with scientific rigor and neutrality.
Q: You define the moment of conception as the second it takes for the sperm and egg to fuse and form a zygote. What were the scientific principles you used to arrive at this conclusion?
Condic: The central question of "when does human life begin" can be stated in a somewhat different way: When do sperm and egg cease to be, and what kind of thing takes their place once they cease to be?
To address this question scientifically, we need to rely on sound scientific argument and on the factual evidence. Scientists make distinctions between different cell types (for example, sperm, egg and the cell they produce at fertilization) based on two simple criteria: Cells are known to be different because they are made of different components and because they behave in distinct ways.
These two criteria are used throughout the scientific enterprise to distinguish one cell type from another, and they are the basis of all scientific (as opposed to arbitrary, faith-based or political) distinctions. I have applied these two criteria to the scientific data concerning fertilization, and they are the basis for the conclusion that a new human organism comes into existence at the moment of sperm-egg fusion.
Q: Many in the scientific world would say that fertilization doesn't happen in a moment, but rather that it is a process that comes to an end at the end of the first cell cycle, which is 24 hours later. Why is it important to define a "moment of conception," as opposed to a "process of fertilization"?
Condic: It is not important to somehow define a "moment" or a "process" of fertilization in the abstract. It is important to base conclusions and judgments about human embryos on sound scientific reasoning and on the best available scientific evidence.
Had this analysis led to a different conclusion -- for example, that fertilization is a "process" -- I would have accepted this conclusion as scientifically valid. However, a scientific analysis of the best-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/25/2009 5:49:47 PM
available data does not support the conclusion that fertilization is a "process"; it supports the conclusion that fertilization is an event that takes less than a second to complete.
The events of the first 24 hours following sperm-egg fusion are clearly unique, but they are also clearly acts of a human organism, not acts of a mere human cell.
Q: Do opinion, belief and politics have a place in defining the beginning of a new life? How is it that the topic has become an issue of debate?
Condic: The topic of when human life begins is an issue of debate because it has strong implications for public policy on matters that concern many people; abortion, in-vitro fertilization and human embryo research. How "opinion, belief and politics" have assumed such a large role in deciding when life begins is a question for a sociologist or a psychologist, not a biologist!
It is important to appreciate that the scientific facts are themselves entirely neutral; they are simply a reflection of the way the world is, as opposed to how we may wish or imagine it to be.
That is not to say that the scientific facts lend equal support to any and all views of when human life begins. While people are free to formulate their opinion on when human life begins in any manner they choose (including belief and politics), not all opinions are equally consistent with factual reality. Those who choose to ignore the facts cannot expect their opinions to garner as much respect or to be given as much credibility as those who base their opinions in sound scientific observation and analysis.
The opinions of members of the flat-Earth society should not carry as much weight as those of astrophysicists in formulating national aerospace policy. The opinions of those who reject the scientific evidence concerning when life begins should not be the basis of public policy on embryo-related topics, either.
Q: Who needs to read this paper and why?
Condic: I think every person who is concerned about the important "life-issues" of health care, abortion, assisted reproduction and stem-cell research should read this article, because-
Posted By: bojack27 @ 03/25/2009 5:51:09 PM
understanding when life begins is the basis of a sound political, ethical and moral debate on these complex and difficult topics. Certainly, all those charged with the formation of public policy on these matters should read this argument and think seriously about its implications. If we cannot know what a human embryo is and when it comes into existence, we cannot make sound judgments regarding any of the issues surrounding the human embryo.
Q: What reactions have you received to the conclusions of your paper? What do you hope will result from its publication?
Condic: Thus far, reactions have been thoughtful and considered. I hope this will continue and that a clear understanding of the relevant scientific evidence will help ground future public policy debates over embryo-related issues in sound scientific fact -- rather than in mere "opinion, belief and politics."
--- --- ---
On the Net:
"When Does Human Life Begin?": http://www.westchesterinstitute.net/index.php?
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Posted By: Qidisrupt @ 03/25/2009 4:36:01 PM
I know someone who went out west (I think it was Nebraska) to have experimental stem-cell treatment done to him because he was suffering from some kind of rare cancer....the treatment was a huge success and he is living a normal and healthy life thanks to stem-cell discoveries.
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Posted By: memo2 @ 03/24/2009 8:00:58 PM
Is good to find and discover if it is good for the Humanity, the problem is with this new product how our goverment will protect the consumer from dirty tricks and control the product ?..........
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Posted By: 00Ruth7 @ 03/24/2009 3:41:06 PM
Reason why i dont think we are killing life is because we can freeze the embroys and thaw them and use them.
We cant do that with babys/life
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Posted By: bjsassy @ 03/24/2009 12:57:35 PM
The scientific magazine , "PLoS Medicine," reported in its latest edition that an Israeli boy who suffers from a rare genetic disease has developed tumors in his brain and spine after being injected with fetal stem cells, thus raising more doubts among scientists about the usefulness of such therapies.
Scientists from the Sheba Medical Center in Israel explained to the Associated Press that the boy, who suffers from ataxia telangiectasia, had traveled to Russia at age 9, when he was injected with fetal neural stem cells in his brain and spinal cord.
However, in 2005, he began to suffer from headaches. Tests revealed the growth of abnormal cells in the brain and spinal cord fluid. The following year, doctors removed the cancerous cells from the spinal cord fluid, and after analysis it was determined that the origin of the tumors was the fetal stem cells.
"Patients, please beware," said Dr. John Gearhart, a stem cell scientist at the University of Pennsylvania who wasn't involved in the Israeli boy's care but who sees similarly desperate U.S. patients head abroad to clinics that offer unproven stem cell injections.
"Cells are not drugs. They can misbehave in so many different ways, it just is going to take a good deal of time" to prove how best to pursue the potential therapy, Gearhart said.
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Posted By: Weslie @ 03/22/2009 12:05:05 PM
Does anyone out there realize that Obama rescinded Federal funds for stem cell research that BUSH APPROVED in 2007 with Executive Order 13435? This is more about politics (appealing to the pro-choice gang) than it is about science.
Smoke, mirrors, and politics as usual. So much for the change we were promised.-
Posted By: nimodahooligan @ 03/24/2009 11:02:15 AM
uhh it is about science, just because you dont understand that doesnt mean squat to anyone else...
do you even care all the good that this research can accomplish?
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Posted By: Latino Vet @ 03/21/2009 5:25:03 PM
I am a T9 paraperetic with an incomplete spinal cord injury and can attest that even though Yes I live a full life I would gladly volunteer to be a guinea pig. The question do you know anyone in a wheelchair for me is easy since besides myself I know over twenty paralyzed people of which my informal survey says 18 would volunteer as well. A huge Mahao is due President Obama for removing the W imposed barriers and also to all the researchers. Godspeed to both.
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