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Attracting young readers who haven't yet formed an impression of poetry has been a particular focus of the foundation. The recent successes of poetry advocates on that front are generally not reflected in the NEA numbers, which looked only at the reading habits of those 18 and older. Anne Halsey, the Poetry Foundation's media director, says the group is confident that its efforts will eventually become more broadly evident. "We're a young organization," she says. "We're taking the long view of this."

Still, despite the anecdotal evidence that interest in poetry is on the rise, at least among some parts of the public, the NEA numbers are difficult to discount. The report is based on "The Survey of Public Participation in the Arts," conducted in partnership with the U.S. Census Bureau. The survey's sample was more than 18,000 adults, which the report points out is "roughly 20 times the size of the average media poll," and it was balanced by the Census Bureau to "reflect the present U.S. population." It is by far the largest recent study on reading in the U.S.

Even if readership is down, not everyone is concerned. In fact, popularity is itself a fraught subject in the poetry community. In an address to the Association of Writers & Writing Programs this February, the president of the Poetry Foundation, John Barr, described how the popular poet writing for the common reader essentially disappeared with the advent of Modernism. The 19th-century model of poets publishing in mainstream venues such as newspapers was replaced by the 20th-century model, in which the increasing fragmentation and difficulty of poetry required specialists to discern it, moving it into the college classroom. Today, to call a poem "accessible" is practically an insult, and promotional events like National Poetry Month are derided by many poetry diehards as the reduction of a complex and often deeply private art form to a public spectacle.

A few years after the launch of National Poetry Month, poet Charles Bernstein wrote in a caustic essay that April is now when "poets are symbolically dragged into the public square in order to be humiliated with the claim that their product has not achieved sufficient market penetration." He added that "National Poetry Month is about making poetry safe for readers by promoting examples of the art form at its most bland and its most morally 'positive'."

Barr, who presides over an organization that tries to represent poets—even those who say they don't need or want publicity—while broadening their readership, says it's "not necessarily a bad thing" if fewer people read poetry. The goal is to find each poem "its largest intended audience," he says. Tree Swenson, executive director of the Academy of American Poets, says, "Because of the nature of poetry, it's not just 'more people, more people, more people,' but deeper engagement and more kinds of poetry and moving people along to interest in poetry that might be more challenging."

Of course, poetry has been supposedly dying now for several generations. In 1934, Edmund Wilson published an essay called "Is Verse a Dying Technique?" Fifty-four years later, Joseph Epstein chimed in with "Who Killed Poetry?" and former NEA chairman Gioia gained fame with a 1991 piece titled "Can Poetry Matter?" In answering their titular questions, all three to some degree concluded that poetry's concentration in the hands of specialists and the halls of academia was bad for the art form's health.

Former poet laureate Hall, who published an essay called "Death to the Death of Poetry" in 1989, has heard it all before. "I'm 80 years old," he says. "[For] 60 years I've been reading about poetry losing its audience."

Despite what national surveys may suggest, and despite rumors of its demise, poetry seems likely to persist, in one form or another.

© 2009

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