‘Stark Contrasts’

In what ways?

The dumbest decision he made was to put the [city’s emergency] command center in the World Trade Center even though his principal security advisers urged him to put it elsewhere. His own emergency-management director, Jerry Hauer, wanted it to go where [current New York City Mayor Michael] Bloomberg has now put it: in Brooklyn ... If he had, he could have managed the crisis much more capably ...

Also there was his decision not to support Jerry Hauer when he tried to do what he was mandated to do—to create matrixes of which agencies were in charge of which responsibilities and develop protocols for anticipated incidents. The police department resisted every single protocol that Jerry suggested. [The police commissioner] refused to sign off on them, and Giuliani didn’t make him. So there were no interagency protocols [on 9/11] for terror attacks or for a high-rise fire.

There’s also a whole chapter about radios. It took until March of 2001 for the fire department to come up with new radios. And the radios failed in the first week and had to be withdrawn. But they could have been reconfigured to an analog mode, which would have made them [operable]. The company was willing to reconfigure them, but the lame-duck administration walked away from them instead and left the fire department with the same radios that had failed in 1993. In fact, there were memos we found all the way back to 1990 that said the radios would cost firefighters’ lives. And yet they were still carrying those radios 11 years later. That is inexcusable policy. Also, they were not interoperable, so the fire department couldn’t communicate with the police department [preventing commanders from warning firefighters inside the towers of the impending collapse on 9/11].

Giuliani took office in January 1994, not long after the [first] World Trade Center bombing. Wasn’t there pressure on him to prevent another attack?

Everyone agrees that the question of terrorism never came up in selection of a police commissioner, which began not long after the attack. A water main broke in the first month of [Giuliani’s] administration, and he was more concerned with how the city responded to that. That’s when he began to form the Office of Emergency Management—because he found out about the water main break on TV and he wanted to be notified about these things right away ... He wanted to position himself as a man to fix those sorts of problems. He was more concerned about how to handle water-main breaks than terror attacks.