JFK and Catholicism

With unintentional timing, one more powerful Protestant voice was raised. The Presbyterian Outlook, the unofficial but accepted organ of 4 million members of that denomination, came out with a fervent editorial calling upon Americans to choose "the best available leader, whether he be, in this case, Quaker [Nixon's faith] or Roman Catholic."

Catholic John Kennedy himself reiterated his position more forcefully than ever. "The Constitution," he told a press conference in Burbank, "is very clear on the separation of church and state. I have been clear and precise in my commitments to that Constitution, not merely because I take the oath which is taken to God, but also because I believe that it represents the happiest arrangement for the organization of a society. Therefore I believe in that theory … just as strongly as Dr. Peale of anyone else."

Democratic professionals had been braced for the impact of the religious issue, not only on the Presidential race but clear across the board. Their only worry was its extent. But Republican pros were becoming increasingly alarmed over the possibility of a double boomerang: Catholic Republicans and independents might be so stung by slurs on their faith that they would feel compelled to vote for Kennedy; voters of either party of of any faith might be so angered by attacks on a fellow American's personal belief that they would vote for him in simple protest. Thus it could be that anti-anti-Catholicism would swing the nation's course on Election Day.

The Debate
From the Sept. 26, 1960 issue of NEWSWEEK

Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy answered questions from NEWSWEEK

To what extent do you believe the religious issue may influence the results of the election? You frequently have expressed your opposition to raising the religious issue. What about the activities of supporters of yours like the Rev. Dr. Norman Vincent Peale and the Rev. Dr. Daniel Poling?
Richard Nixon: I regret even the asking of this question. Senator Kennedy and I are in agreement, I understand, that this matter has no place whatsoever in this campaign and that, in an attempt to keep it out, neither he nor I would comment further about it. I will continue doing my best to abide by this and can only assume he will do likewise.